The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) is a psychometrically sound measure to assess the extent that an individual male conforms or does not conform to the actions, thoughts, and feelings that reflect masculinity norms in the dominant culture in U.S. society.
Developed by:
James R. Mahalik, Benjamin D. Locke, Larry H. Ludlow, Matthew A. Diemer (Boston College), Ryan P. Scott (University of Georgia), Michael Gottfried (Valparaiso University), Gary Freitas (University of Maryland)
Measure domains:
Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, Pursuit of Status
Items and subscales:
94 items
11 subscales
11 subscales
Outcomes predicted:
Been involved in a violent situation in the past 12 months
Been in trouble with the law
Use tobacco products
At least one time, drank so much that they could not remember things they had done while drinking
Been in trouble with the law
Use tobacco products
At least one time, drank so much that they could not remember things they had done while drinking
Cronbach's alpha:
Entire Scale: 0.94
subscales range from 0.72 to 0.91
subscales range from 0.72 to 0.91
Study population(s):
Multiple samples of majority Caucasian, heterosexual, young adult men recruited from college campuses in the Northeast, MidAtlantic, Southeast, and Midwest United States. A second study included college-age women to compare CMNI scores by gender.
Additional information:
Assessed CMNI's relatioship to a variety of constructs using existing measures: Brannon Masculinity Scale-short form (BMS), Gender Role Conflict (GRCS), Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale (MGRS), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) of psychological distress, Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Pscyhological Help Scale (ATSPPH), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desireability Scale (MCSDS).
Measure validated?:
Y
Link(s) to Validation Study and/or Measure:
Uses in Other Studies:
Hayley, A., Cox, E., Zinkiewicz, L., Graham, K., Wells, S., Zhou, J., & Miller, P. G. (2017). Barroom aggression perpetration by Australian women: Associations with heavy episodic drinking, trait aggression, and conformity to gender norms. Journal of Substance Use, 22(6), 597-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1271040
Sanchez-Lopez Mdel, P., Cuellar-Flores, I., & Dresch, V. (2012). The impact of gender roles on health. Women Health, 52(2), 182-196. 10.1080/03630242.2011.652352
Uses in Other Studies Links:
Citation of original article
Get citationMahalik et al (2003). Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory, Psychology of Men & Masculinity 4 (1) 3-25 doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3