9, quantitative indicators of empowerment were drawn from development and public health literature and developed for a rural South African context to evaluate the IMAGE intervention.
Developed by:
Julia C. Kim, Charlotte H. Watts, James R. Hargreaves, Luceth X. Ndhlovu, Godfrey Phetla, Linda A. Morison, Joanna Busza, John D. H. Porter, Paul Pronyk
Measure domains:
Self-confidence
Financial confidence
Challenging gender norms
Autonomy in decision-making
Perceived contribution to the household
Communication within the household
Relationship with partner
Social group membership
Participation in collective action
Financial confidence
Challenging gender norms
Autonomy in decision-making
Perceived contribution to the household
Communication within the household
Relationship with partner
Social group membership
Participation in collective action
Items and subscales:
45 questions
Outcomes predicted:
Past year experience with physical or sexual IPV
Past year experience of controlling behavior Progressive attitudes to IPV
Past year experience of controlling behavior Progressive attitudes to IPV
Study population(s):
Women ages 18 to 96 who received a microfinance loan through the IMAGE intervention and a matched control group who did not receive a loan.
Additional information:
Intimate partner violence outcome questions drawn from the WHO Violence Against Women study instrument
Measure validated?:
N